Archive for October 2011

aqua

By : reitza haikal

Perusahaan AIR MINUM

PT. Aqua Golden Mississippi

Aqua

Dari Wikipedia Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas berbahasa Indonesia.

Aqua adalah sebuah merek air minum dalam kemasan (AMDK) yang diproduksi oleh PT. Aqua Golden Mississippi di Indonesia sejak tahun 1973. Selain di Indonesia, Aqua juga dijual di Singapura. Aqua adalah merek AMDK dengan penjualan terbesar di Indonesia dan merupakan salah satu merek AMDK yang paling terkenal di Indonesia, sehingga telah menjadi seperti merek generik untuk AMDK. Di Indonesia, terdapat 14 pabrik yang memroduksi Aqua. Sejak tahun 1998, Aqua sudah dimiliki pula oleh perusahaan multinasional dari Perancis, Danone, hasil dari penggabungan Aqua Golden Mississippi dengan Danone.

Awal Pendirian

PT Aqua Golden Mississippi didirikan pada tahun 1973 di Indonesia. Ide mendirikan perusahaan AMDK timbul ketika Tirto bekerja sebagai pegawai pertamina di awal tahun 1970-an.^[1] Ketika itu Tirto bertugas menjamu delegasi sebuah perusahaan Amerika Serikat. Namun jamuan itu terganggu ketika istri ketua delegasi mengalami diare yang disebabkan karena mengonsumsi air yang tidak bersih. Tirto kemudian mengetahui bahwa tamu-tamunya yang berasal dari negara Barat tidak terbiasa meminum air minum yang direbus, tetapi air yang telah disterilkan.
Ia dan saudara-saudaranya mulai mempelajari cara memproses air minum dalam kemasan.^[1] Ia meminta adiknya, Slamet Utomo untuk magang di Polaris, sebuah perusahaan AMDK yang ketika itu telah beroperasi 16 tahun di Thailand. Tidak mengherankan bila pada awalnya produk Aqua menyerupai Polaris mulai dari bentuk botol kaca, merek mesin pengolahan air, sampai mesin pencuci botol serta pengisi air.^[1]
Tirto mendirikan pabrik pertamanya di Pondok Ungu, Bekasi, dan menamai pabrik itu Golden Mississippi dengan kapasitas produksi enam juta liter per tahun.^[1] Tirto sempat ragu dengan nama Golden Mississippi yang meskipun cocok dengan target pasarnya, ekspatriat, namun terdengar asing di telinga orang Indonesia.^[2] Konsultannya, Eulindra Lim, mengusulkan untuk menggunakan nama Aqua karena cocok terhadap imej air minum dalam botol serta tidak sulit untuk diucapkan. Ia setuju dan mengubah merek produknya dari Puritas menjadi Aqua. Dua tahun kemudian, produksi pertama Aqua diluncurkan dalam bentuk kemasan botol kaca ukuran 950 ml dengan harga jual Rp.75, hampir dua kali lipat harga bensin yang ketika itu bernilai Rp.46 untuk 1.000 ml.^[1]

Perkembangan dan akuisisi

Pada tahun 1982, Tirto mengganti bahan baku (air) yang semula berasal dari sumur bor ke mata air pegunungan yang mengalir sendiri (self-flowing spring) karena dianggap mengandung komposisi mineral alami yang kaya nutrisi seperti kalsium, magnesium, potasium, zat besi, dan sodium.
Willy Sidharta, sales dan perakit mesin pabrik pertama Aqua, merupakan orang pertama yang memperbaiki sistem distribusi Aqua.^[1] Ia memulai dengan menciptakan konsep delivery door to door khusus yang menjadi cikal bakal sistem pengiriman langsung Aqua. Konsep pengiriman menggunakan kardus-kardus dan galon-galon menggunakan armada yang didesain khusus membuat penjualan Aqua Secara konsisten menanjak hingga akhirnya angka penjualan Aqua mencapai dua triliun rupiah di tahun 1985.^[1]
Pada 1984, Pabrik AQUA kedua didirikan di Pandaan, Jawa Timur sebagai upaya mendekatkan diri pada konsumen yang berada di wilayah tersebut. Setahun kemudian, terjadi pengembangan produk Aqua dalam bentuk kemasan PET 220 ml. Pengembangan ini membuat produk Aqua menjadi lebih berkualitas dan lebih aman untuk dikonsumsi.
Pada tahun 1995, Aqua menjadi pabrik air mineral pertama yang menerapkan sistem produksi in line di pabrik Mekarsari. Pemrosesan air dan pembuatan kemasan AQUA dilakukan bersamaan. Hasil sistem in-line ini adalah botol AQUA yang baru dibuat dapat segera diisi air bersih di ujung proses produksi, sehingga proses produksi menjadi lebih higienis.
Pada tahun 1998, karena ketatnya persaingan dan munculnya pesaing-pesaing baru, Lisa Tirto sebagai pemilik Aqua Golden Mississipi sepeninggal ayahnya Tirto Utomo, menjual sahamnya kepada Danone pada 4 September 1998. Akusisi tersebut dianggap tepat setelah beberapa cara pengembangan tidak cukup kuat menyelamatkan Aqua dari ancaman pesaing baru. Langkah ini berdampak pada peningkatan kualitas produk dan menempatkan AQUA sebagai produsen air mineral dalam kemasan (AMDK) yang terbesar di Indonesia. Pada thaun 2000, bertepatan dengan pergantian milenium, Aqua meluncurkan produk berlabel Danone-Aqua.

Pasca Akuisisi

DANONE meningkatkan kepemilikan saham di PT Tirta Investama dari 40 % menjadi 74 %, sehingga Danone kemudian menjadi pemegang saham mayoritas Aqua Group. Aqua menghadirkan kemasan botol kaca baru 380 ml pada 1 November 2001.
2002 Banjir besar yang melanda Jakarta pada awal tahun menggerakkan perusahaan untuk membantu masyarakat dan juga para karyawan Aqua sendiri yang terkena musibah tersebut. Aqua menang telak di ajang Indonesian Best Brand Award. Mulai diberlakukannya Kesepakatan Kerja Bersama [KKB 2002 - 2004] pada 1 Juni 2002.
2003 Perluasan kegiatan produksi Aqua Group ditindaklanjuti melalui peresmian sebuah pabrik baru di Klaten pada awal tahun. Upaya mengintegrasikan proses kerja perusahaan melalui penerapan SAP (System Application and Products for Data Processing) dan HRIS (Human Resources Information System).
2004 Peluncuran logo baru Aqua. Aqua menghadirkan kemurnian alam baik dari sisi isi maupun penampilan luarnya. Aqua meluncurkan varian baru Aqua Splash of Fruit, jenis air dalam kemasan yang diberi esens rasa buah strawberry dan orange-mango. Peluncuran produk ini awalnya ingin memperkuat posisi Aqua sebagai produsen minuman. Sebenarnya AQUA Splash Of Fruit bukanlah air mineral biasa, namun masuk dalam kategori beverages. Sehingga di dalam penjualannya tidak boleh dijemur seperti produk air mineral, namun harus dimasukkan ke dalam lemari pendingin atau cooling box. Sayangnya, hal ini tidak terlalu diperhatikan oleh konsumen dikarenakan kurangnya sosialisasi oleh pihak Aqua.
Pada tahun 2004 Aqua melakukan PHK (Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja) massal untuk seluruh pabrik, depo dan termasuk kantor pusat
2005 Danone membantu korban tsunami di Aceh. Pada tanggal 27 September, AQUA memproduksi Mizone, minuman bernutrisi yang merupakan produk dari Danone. Mizone hadir dengan dua rasa, orange lime dan passion fruit.
2006-2008 Danone berupaya untuk membuat pabrik di Serang, namun karena Danone didemo oleh warga sekitar, Bupati, DPRD dan LSM, serta terlebih lagi kasus ini sudah sampai Gubernur Banten yang bukan menjadi rahasia merupakan Putri dari 'penguasa' Banten maka Danone dengan terpaksa 'kalah' atau membatalkan atau mundur dari pembuatan Pabrik di Serang.
Sebenarnya Danone bisa berhasil membuat pabrik di Serang seandainya Danone mau membuatkan fasilitas umum yaitu Air Bersih bagi warga sekitar, karena sebenarnya yang dibutuhkan warga sekitar itu hanyalah Air Bersih bukannya hanya sekedar survey atau malah penghijauan. Keadaan inilah yang sayangnya justru dimanfaatkan oleh segelintir orang untuk mencari 'keuntungan' pribadi.
2009 Danone akan mulai membuat pabrik baru di Cianjur, ini merupakan pengalihan dari Pabrik Serang yang pembangunannya sementara ditunda. Danone meluncurkan Mizone rasa Apple-Guava

strategi

Dari strategi perusahaan dominant Berbagai upaya dilakukan AQUA untuk membangun merek agar tidak dipersepsikan konsumen sebagai sekadar komoditas.
Selama 1986-1990 AQUA berkutat dan berpacu dengan waktu untuk membangun kapasitas pabrik termasuk pendirian pabrik baru dalam rangka mendekatkan diri ke pasar. Dalam rangka menyesuaikan perkembangan usaha yang makin pesat pada 25 Juli 1989 nama PT Golden Mississippi diubah menjadi PT AQUA Golden Mississippi. Sampai tahun 1990 kapasitas produksi AQUA meningkat 5 kali lipat dibandingkan tahun 1985 dari hanya sebesar 38,23 juta liter menjadi 188,7 juta liter.Pabrik-pabrik yang mulai dibangun antara lain di Bali (Mambal), Sukabumi (Ciburial), Medan (Brastagi) dan Manado (Air Madidi). Demi membangun citra kualitas yang prima AQUA mulai membangun pabrik dengan konsep integrated production. Maksudnya proses pembuatan botol plastik mulai dilakukan di pabrik bersama-sama dengan proses produksi air minum dalam kemasan.

PROSES

Dengan beroperasinya pabrik-pabrik baru AQUA tersebut maka produksi botol plastik PET menggunakan 5 mesin PET milik sendiri dan 5 mesin lain milik vendor. Pada waktu itu, AQUA belum menggunakan mesin SIDEL dari Perancis. Mesin kemasan botol plastic 500 ml menggunakan mesin Krupp dan mesin botol 5 gallon Battenfield Fisher. Keduanya buatan Jerman pertama kali dioperasikan 1992 dengan investasi Rp 6 miliar . Sedangkan, untuk pencetakan dari lembaran plastik menjadi gelas plastik (cup) digunakan mesin thermoforming bekas bermerek OMV Verona buatan Italia.
Oleh karena ekspansi untuk pembangunan pabrik baru tersebut membutuhkan dana besar maka Tirto Utomo bermaksud untuk menarik dana publik dengan masuk ke bursa saham. Awal 1990 PT AQUA Golden Mississippi menjual saham kepada masyarakat di Bursa Efek sejumlah 1 juta lembar saham dengan nilai nominal Rp 1.000 per saham. Penawaran perdana dengan harga Rp 7.500 per saham. Saham yang ditawarkan itu adalah 16,67 % dari seluruh saham. Dengan demikian AQUA telah go public menjadi perusahaan terbuka. Di kancah internasional AQUA telah meraih berbagai penghargaan. Di antaranya AQUA AWARD dari International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) dalam waktu 5 tahun berturut-turut dari tahun 1985 hingga 1989 dan penghargaan World Star dari Beijing, RRC.

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_(air_mineral)

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By : reitza haikal

Tugas Sistem Informasi Manajemen (Softskil)

Uraikan secara singkat dan jelas dari pertanyaan-pertanyaan di bawah ini.

Soal :
1. Dari uraian singkat mengenai Definisi Informasi yang anda ketahui.
Kebutuhan informasi apa yang sangat mendasar bagi suatu perusahaan dalam mengembangkan manajemennya??

1. Pengarahan Penanatman Modal

Usaha pengarahan kegiatan PMA dan PMDN sebagaimana tercantum dalam Repelita II bentujuan untuk (1) mengusahakan penggarapan potensi penanaman modal yang ada; (2) memperluas kesempatan kerja bagi tenaga Indonesia; (3) meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam kegiatan usaha; dan (4) menyebarkan kegiatan penanaman modal ke daerah.

2. Bidang Tenaga Kerja

Peningkatan peranan pihak Indonesia selain dalam bidang pemilikan saham juga diarahkan kepada peningkatan penggunaan tenaga kerja serta unsur management dari pihak Indonesia dalam tiap per- usahaan bersama (joint venture).

Dalam rangka memberikan kesempatan kerja yang seluas-luasnya bagi warga negara Indonesia, maka tenaga kerja Indonesia sebanyak mungkin didaya gunakan pada proyek-proyek pembangunan dan kegiatan-kegiatan usaha lainnya di Indonesda.

3. Bidang Kehutanan

Dalam bidang kehutanan telah ditetapkan kebijaksanaan tentang pemberian Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (HPH) dengan Keputusan Presiden R.I. No. 20 Tahun 1975. Pada dasarnya kebijaksanaan tersebut berisikan kewajiban bagi perusahaan asing di Indonesia yang pada saat ditetapkannya Keputusan Presiden ini memegang HPH, untuk berangsur-angsur memindahkan pemilikan sahamnya kepada perusahaan nasional selambat-lambatnya dalam waktu 10 (sepuluh) tahun, terhitung sejak dikeluarkannya HPH, sehingga pemilikan saham fihak nasional mencapai 51% (lima puluh satu persen).

Di samping itu pada tahun 1972 telah ditetapkan pula Pedoman Pelaksanaan Pendirian Industri Hasil Hutan dalam bentuk Keputusan Bersama Dirjen Kehutanan, Dirjen Perindustrian Ringan dan Kerajinan Rakyat dan Dirjen Perindustrian Kimia. Kebijaksanaan tersebut di ambil untuk menjamin kelancaran jalannya industri hasil hutan.

4. Bidang Industri

Dalam rangka pembinaan industri dalam negeri kearah perkembangan yang sehat, tetapi tetap memperhatikan kepentingan konsumen, pada akhir tahun 1976, telah diterbitkan Surat Keputusan Bersama Menteri-menteri Perdagangan, Keuangan dan Perindustrian mengenai ketentuari-ketentuan pengimporan barang-barang dalam rangka pembinaan industri dalam negeri. Keputusan tersebut merupakan kebijak- sanaan perlindungan dan dorongan terhadap industri dalam negeri.

Atas dasar Surat Keputusan Bersama tersebut, maka Menteri Perindustrian telah menetapkan perincian dan jenis barang yang sudah dapat dibuat di dalam negeri, dan diajukan pada Menteri Keuangan untuk dihapuskan pemberian fasilitasnya bagi proyek-proyek PMA

dan PMDN yang bersangkutan. Atas dasar pengajuan Menteri Perindustrian itu, maka Menteri Keuangan telah menghapuskan pemberian fasilitas atas barang-barang tersebut bagi proyek-proyek PMA dan PMDN.

5. Bidang Perhubungan

Selama masa Pelita II telah diambil kebijaksanaan dalam bidang perhotelan, dengan dikeluarkannya Pedoman Menteri Perhubungan bulan Juli tahun 1974, mengenai pembangunan hotel non-internasional di Bali. Pedoman tersebut dikeluarkan sehubungan dengan terus mengalirnya permintaan untuk pembangunan hotel non-internasional baik dalam rangka PMA maupun PMDN, karena telah ditutupnya kesempatan membangun hotel bertaraf internasional sejak tahun 1972 di Bali, kecuali di Nusa Dua. Daiam kebijaksanaan tersebut pem-bangunan hotel-hotel kelas Non-Internasional di Bali, dibatasi sampai 1000 kamar. Di samping itu pada, tahun 1977 telah dikeluarkan peraturan baru tentang usaha dan klasifikasi hotel.

Dalam sektor perhubungan laut sejak tahun 1976 telah dikeluar-kan kebijaksanaan menutup usaha baru bagi perusahaan-perusahaan Pelayaran Nusantara Umum, Pelayaran Nusantara Khusus dan Pelayaran Khusus Lepas Pantai. Kebijaksanaan tersebut dikeluarkan dalam rangka memantapkan pembinsan perusahaan pelayaran yang sudah mendapat izin supaya dapat berkembang menjadi unit-unit usaha yang sehat. Perusahaan Pelayaran Samudra Umum dan Khusus telah dibatasi pula, supaya perusahaan-perusahaan yang telah ada dapat bekerja lebih efisien dalam rangka menghadapi persaingan di dunia internasional di bidang angkutan laut yang sangat tajam. Kebijaksana-an lain dalam sektor perhubungan laut adalah keharusan untuk tiaptiap joint venture untuk memberi kesempatan kepada pihak Indonesia untuk memiliki saham mayoritas (sekurang-kurangnya 51 %).

6. Bidang Perumahan

Perumahan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok bagi masyarakat. Sehubungan dengan ini, maka pemerintah menetapkan kebijaksanaan untuk mendorong pelaksanaan pembangunan perumahan

317

dari berbagai jenis dan dalam jumlah yang banyak, dengan dilengkapi prasarana-prasarana serta fasilitas-fasilitas sosial yang diperlukan oleh masyarakat penghuninya.

Ketua Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal telah mengeluarkan Surat Keputusan No. 28/A/SK/BKPM/IX/1974 tertanggal 12 Sep- tember 1974 tentang Pedoman Penanaman Modal Bidang Pemba- ngunan Perumahan beserta Fasilitasnya. Dalam Keputusan tersebut ditetapkan persyaratan pembangunan perumahan dalam rangka PMA dan PMDN (Real Estate) yang harus mempunyai, komposisi rumah mewah, rumah menengah, rumah mewah dan harus menye- diakan prasarana yang diperlukan dalam kompleks proyek perumah-an tersebut. Kebijaksanaan ini didasarkan atas pertimbangan bahwa proyek PMA dan PMDN akan memilih untuk membangun rumah mewah saja, karena lebih menguntungkan. Dalam usaha memenuhi kebutuhan perumahan murah, penanaman modal dalam rangka PMA dan PMDN diharapkan turut berpartiaipasi. Dasar pemikiran ini dikaitkan dengan kebijaksanaan penyediaan tanah dan pemberian izin-izin bangunan oleh fihak Pemerintah.

7. Bidang Pertambangan non minyak dan gas bumi

Dalam masa lebih dari 3 - 4 tahun sejak 1973, Penanaman Modal Asing di bidang pertambangan non minyak dan gas bumi tidak nampak, ada kegiatan. Hal itu tidak berarti, bahwa kegiatan penanaman modal di sektor ini telah mundur. Penanaman Modal Asing yang telah ada ternyata banyak menambah modal investasinya dalam nilai yang cukup mengesankan. Sejak tahun 1973 Pemerintah menyiapkan peraturan baru tentang Kontrak Karya Pertambangan yang disebut Kontrak Karya Pertambangan. Generasi Ketiga. Oleh karena itu persetujuan-persetujuan penanaman modal asing di bidang pertambangan non minyak dan gas bumi tertunda sampai Peraturan Kontrak Karya yang baru dikeluarkan oleh Pemerintah pada tahun 1976. Peraturan yang dimaksud adalah Peraturan Pemerintah No. 2l tahun 1976 yang memberikan fasilitas pembebasan pajak khusus dan pengaturan di bidang pungutan yang lebih seder-hana dan pasti. Secara menyeluruh langkah tersebut merupakan penyempurnaan ketentuan kontrak karya generasi kedua, yang se-

8. Bidang Prasarana Penanaman Modal

Untuk mendorong usaha penanaman modal dalam bidang industri, Pemerintah Pusat bersama-sama dengan Pemerintah Daerah telah mendirikan beberapa proyek industrial estate yakni di Jakarta, Surabaya dan Cilacap. Pembangunan industrial estate di daerah Medan, Ujung Pandang, Semarang dan Kalimailtan Timur, saat ini masih dalam taraf penelitian. Dalam tahun terakhir Repelita I, industrial estate di Jakarta telah selesai dibangun dan telah besgperasi, sedangkan industrial estate di Surabaya sejak tahun 1974/75 telah dapat menampung penempatan industri. Pendirian industrial estate di Cilacap telah mencapai tingkat pemecahan permasalahan tanah dan lokasinya. Sedangkan untuk daerah Medan, masalah lokasi dan pengaruhnya terhadap alam lingkungan telah pula diselesaikan.

9. Bidang pengembangan sarana untuk kegiatan processing barang-barang Ekspor

Dalam rangka mendorong usaha penanaman modal yang mengolah bahan baku impor serta mengekspor kembali hasil produksinya ke luar negeri, oleh Pemerintah telah disediakan fasilitas Bonded Warehouse dan Entrepot-entrepot Partikulir. Dengan sarana-sarana tersebut, bahan yang diimpor dapat diangkut langsung dari kapal ke tempat untuk diproses dengan secara cepat. Keuntungan lain ialah, selama barang-barang tersebut berada di Bonded Warehouse atau entrepot, belum/tidak dikenakan pembayaran bea masuk.

Soal :
2. Sebut dan jabarkan bentuk sumber yang dikelola oleh seorang manajemen ??

Sumber daya fisik : manusia,mesin,material,uang.
Sumber daya konseptual : informasi(termasuk data).

Peranan manajer mengelola sumber daya ini agar dapat digunakan secara efektif. Sebagai tindak lanjut dari peranan manajer maka perlu adanya usha penataan sumber daya termasuk didalamnya manajemen informasi yakni berupa:
-Sumber daya harus di susun sedemikian rupa sehingga setipa saat di perlukan dapat segera dimanfaatkan dan perlu dilakukan modifikasi.
-sumber daya harus dimanfaatkan semaksimal mungkin.
-sumber daya harus selalu diperbaharui.

Soal :
3. Elemen lingkungan adalah organisasi/ individu yang berada di luar perusahaan dan mempunyai pengaruh langsung/ tak langsung pada perusahaan. Sebut dan jelaskan elemen-elemen lingkungan manakah yang dapat secara mudah berhubungan dengan perusahaan yang menggunakan transmisi elektronik.

Perusahaan-perusahaan atau organisasi yang ikut serta dalam perdagangan melalui jaringan elektronik untuk mencapai perbaikan di seluruh orgnaisasi. Perbaikan tersebut diharapkan menghasilkan tiga (3) manfaat utama :

· Pelayanan pelanggan meningkat;

· Hubungan dengan pemasok & masyarakat keuangan meningkat;

· Pengembalian atas investasi pemegang saham dan pemilik yang meningkat.

Manfaat-manfaat tersebut berkontribusi pada stabilitas keuangan perusahaan dan memungkinkannya untuk bersaing dengan lebih baik dalam dunia bisnis yang semakin terikat untuk menggunakan teknologi komputer.

Kendala e-Commerce

Biaya tinggi
Masalah keamanan
Perangkat lunak yang belum mapan atau tidak tersedia

1.    Hubungan perusahaan ke pemerintah
misalnya mencara data - data tenaga kerja
2.    hubungan perusahaan ke pemerintah kedepartement keuangan
misalnya dat - mengenai gaji
3.    hubugna dengan masyarat
misalnya mengenai tingkat pendidikan
4.    hubungan perusahan dengan mitra kerja
misalnya untuk mencari untung dan rugi perusahaan

referensi www.smecda.com/deputi7/file_Infokop/.../pengemb_UKM.pdf
www.bappenas.go.id/get-file-server/node/6994/

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The Gazette (band)

By : reitza haikal

2002: Conception and early work

The foundations of the band began with Ruki (vocals), Reita (bass), and Uruha (guitar). After being involved with other bands in the visual scene, the trio decided that The Gazette would be their last band.^[3] They recruited Aoi (guitar) and Yune (drums) from disbanded visual band Artia and so began The Gazette in January 2002.^[3]
Originally signed to Matina, they released their first single, "Wakaremichi", and a video release on April 30, 2002. They re-released "Wakaremichi" in June. By September, they had released "Kichiku Kyoushi (32sai Dokushin) no Nousatsu Kouza" and their second PV release. In October they played their first solo live. On Christmas, the 5-song compilation 妖幻鏡 moon including the song "Yougenkyou" was released.

[edit] 2003: New drummer and Cockayne Soup

In early 2003, Yune decided to leave the band, and he was replaced by Kai. Shortly after, they signed with the PS Company label and in May, released their first EP, Cockayne Soup. They started their first tour, with the band Hanamuke, and along with the tour, the bands collaborated on two songs. A second tour followed with the band Vidoll, and the bands were featured together on the November issue of Cure, a magazine focusing on Visual Kei bands.^[4]
In early December, they played a co-headlining show with Deadman. On December 28 they performed at Fool's Mate magazine's Beauti-fool's Fest which was later released on DVD.

[edit] 2004: Disorder

On January 16, 2004 they recorded a solo performance at the Shibuya-AX, which was released on DVD as Tokyo Saihan -Judgment Day-. On March 30, 2004 they released 5th EP Madara, which reached #2 on the Oricon Indie Charts. Madara was followed on May 26, by a companion DVD, which included six music videos and an in-the-studio documentary. The same month, The Gazette was featured in Shoxx magazine's Expect Rush III, a catalogue of independent visual kei artists.^[5]
A second concert DVD, Heisei Banka, was released on August 25. During September and October they toured with fellow PS Company bands Kra and BIS. Their 1st studio album, Disorder, was released on October 13 and made it to the top 5 of the indies Oricon Daily Charts.

[edit] 2005-2006: NIL and Nameless Liberty Six Guns

In early 2005, The Gazette embarked on their Japan-wide spring tour called Standing Tour 2005 Maximum Royal Disorder, the final tour was held at Shibuya Kokaido on April 17. On March 9, The Gazette released new single "Reila".
After the DVD release of their concert July 6, the band released their sixth EP, Gama, and embarked on their Standing Tour 2005 (GAMA) the Underground Red Cockroach. On October 20, The Gazette released their first photobook, Verwelktes Gedicht, which included an exclusive CD containing the song "Kare Uta" (枯詩; Withered Poem). On December 7, 2005, the band released their first single under a major label, "Cassis". The promotional video of "Cassis", was shot in Austria. On December 11, The Gazette performed with other bands signed to the PS Company label to celebrate the record label's fifth Anniversary Peace and Smile Carnival 2005 Tour.
Starting 2006 with a name change from Japanese characters to a romanized script, The Gazette released their second studio album, NIL, on February 8. Shortly afterward, they embarked on another Japanese tour named Standing Tour 2006 Nameless Liberty Six Guns and the tour ended at the venue Nippon Budokan.^[6] In May, they released their first compilation album, Dainihon Itangeishateki Noumiso Gyaku Kaiten Zekkyou Ongenshuu; the album included songs from 2002 until 2004. In the next month they released their second music video compilation DVD, Film Bug I. On July 29, The Gazette performed at the Beethovenhalle in Bonn, Germany, their first show outside of Asia. The concerts were arranged in conjunction with the AnimagiC anime and manga convention.^[7]
On August 6, The Gazette held a festival called Gazerock Festival in Summer 06 (Burst into a Blaze) at Tokyo Big Sight West Hall. Later that month, the band released two new singles, "Regret" on October 25, and "Filth in the beauty" on November 1. To promote the singles, they embarked on another tour, Tour 2006-2007 Decomposition Beauty. In the middle of tour, they announced location for the final of the tour to be at Yokohama Arena.

[edit] 2007-2009: Stacked Rubbish and Dim

The single, "Hyena" was released in early 2007. "Chizuru" (千鶴; A Thousand Cranes), the B-side of "Hyena", was used ending song for the horror Korean movie, Apartment. The band's third studio album, Stacked Rubbish followed on July 4, 2007. The album reached #2 on the Oricon charts within a day from the release. The album was followed by a long time promotional tour named Tour 2007-2008 Stacked Rubbish (Pulse Wriggling to Black) from July 2007 until April 2008. In the midst of tour in October, The Gazette embarked on their first European tour, performing in England, Finland, France, and Germany. The tour finale was held in Yoyogi National Gymnasium on April 19 and April 20, 2008
In the beginning of 2008, The Gazette collaborated with GemCerey for jewelry. They released a single, "Guren" (紅蓮; Crimson Lotus), on February 13, 2008, which reached #1 on the Oricon charts. The DVD for their Stacked Rubbish Grand Finale (Repeated Countless Error) at Yoyogi National Gymnasium was released on August 6. The single Leech released on November 12, 2008, which also landed a #1 spot on the Oricon daily charts. On July 14,^[8] the band performed in the event Music Japan 2008 (a TV program on NHK) with other bands such as Alice Nine, Plastic Tree, LM.C and Mucc.
On August 23. The Gazette held a festival called Gazerock Festival in Summer 08 (Burst into a Blaze) at Fuji-Q Conifer Forest. The Gazette went on a fanclub tour throughout October called Standing Live Tour 08 (From the Distorted City), referencing the song "Distorted Daytime" from their "Leech" single, which portrayed Tokyo as a "distorted city," in terms of the societal and political crises sweeping over Japan.
On November 15, 2008, The Gazette hosted their first secret show in Shinjuku Station. Originally, around two-hundred fifty people were to be anticipated, but instead, over seven thousand attended, the most in the band's history. Due to the amount of people on the streets, the police were forced to shut it down after two songs.^[8]^[9]
On January 3, 2009, The Gazette performed alongside fellow PS Company bands in the Peace and Smile Carnival 2009 Tour to celebrate the record label's 10th Anniversary in Nippon Budokan, where they announced they would release a new single called Distress and Coma on March 25. The release was preceded by a 7th Anniversary performance called Live 09 (7-Seven-) at Makuhari Messe Convention Hall.
The band released their 4th studio album, Dim on July 15, followed by another Japan-wide summer tour starting in July, for which the tour's final show was held at Saitama Super Arena on September 5. On October 7, 2009, they released their single Before I Decay. After that, The Gazette performed at V'Rock Festival 2009 at Makuhari Messe Convention Hall on October 24.
In December, The Gazette held a Christmas Eve live to close out the year called Live 09 (A Hymn of the Crucifixion) at Tokyo Big Sight.^[10]

[edit] 2010-2011: Transfer to Sony Music Records & Nameless Liberty Six Bullets

On March 17, 2010, the band embarked Standing Live Tour 10 (The End of Stillness) at Zepp Tokyo.^[10] After the fan club tour, the band then announced a new single and a live tour, which is named Tour 10 Nameless Liberty Six Bullets starting in July with two consecutive nights at Nippon Budokan.^[11] Among all of these events, the band has also announced that they would be transferring from King Records to Sony Music Records. Shiver is the first single with new label Sony Music Records and was also selected as the opening theme song to the Sony anime series Kuroshitsuji II.^[12] On August 4, 2010, they released 3rd music video on DVD titled Film Bug II which included 10's PV from Regret to Before I Decay.
Right after the release of Shiver, the band announced the final stop of the Tour 10 Nameless Liberty Six Bullets would be held at Tokyo Dome, and two new singles Red and Pledge would be released.^[13]^[14]
On March 2011, the band embarked on an fanclub only tour named Live Tour 11 (Two Concept Eight Nights -ABYSS/LUCY-) and 9th Birth (Day 9 -NINE-) at Zepp Tokyo in March 10. On March 23, The Gazette will release a compilation album titled Traces Best of 2005-2009 and a live concert DVD named The Nameless Liberty at 10.12.26 Tokyo Dome. A new single is planned for the Spring of 2011.
the GazettE has postponed the releases of their best-of album Traces Best of 2005-2009 and live DVD The Nameless Liberty at 10.12.26 Tokyo Dome which contains footage of their final concert at Tokyo Dome due to the catastrophe in Japan. Both will be released on April 6th.^[15]
On April 6th, 2011, they announced another single Vortex which would be released on May 25, 2011.

[edit] Musical style

The Gazette's musical style varies greatly, but it is generally considered to be a form of rock music while delving into the genres of heavy metal found in songs like "Ogre." They have also dabbled in alternative metal with the likes of "Taion" and "The Invisible Wall". Other songs like "Silly God Disco" and "Swallowtail on the Death Valley" feature a funk rock sound with the use of jazzy chords and upbeat choruses. Other works such as "Leech" and "Hyena" feature a hard rock sound. "Filth in the Beauty" features female R&B vocals and bass, Spanish-influenced acoustic guitar with techno beat, crunchy metal riffs, harmonized choruses and a headbanging riff right in the middle - all within the same song. The songs "Maggots", "Discharge" and "Headache Man" dwell into heavier forms of music, in particular, metalcore. The Gazette also uses a wide range of synthesized sounds during their songs to achieve interesting effects as well as create new listening dynamics and atmospheres. The Gazette is also known for utilizing various tunings to achieve a wide variety of sounds and styles. The Gazette has also produced a number of ballads such as "Reila", "Cassis", "Calm Envy", "Guren", and "Pledge".

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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The Gazette (band)

By : reitza haikal

2002: Conception and early work

[edit] 2003: New drummer and Cockayne Soup

[edit] 2004: Disorder

[edit] 2005-2006: NIL and Nameless Liberty Six Guns

[edit] 2007-2009: Stacked Rubbish and Dim

[edit] 2010-2011: Transfer to Sony Music Records & Nameless Liberty Six Bullets

[edit] Musical style

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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puisi bumi

By : reitza haikal

bumi hanya sebuah bulatan besar
tapi didalamnya bnyk sekali kehidupan
dari manusia hewan dan tumbuhan
semua hidup bersama

betapa indahnya bumi jika kita jaga
bimi yang begitu indah harus kita jaga
kita rawat bumi selama -lamanya. agar bumi indah

begitu besar isi dibumi
dan begitu indah bumi ini
mari kita jaga bersama

0 Comments

Computer software

By : reitza haikal

Computer software

"Software" redirects here. For other uses, see Software (disambiguation).

Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions telling a computer what to do and how to do it. We can also say software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some purposes. In other words software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation. Program software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched".^[1] Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Sometimes the term includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes, and records.^[2]
Examples of computer software include:

Application software includes end-user applications of computers such as word processors or video games, and ERP software for groups of users.
Middleware controls and co-ordinates distributed systems.
Programming languages define the syntax and semantics of computer programs. For example, many mature banking applications were written in the COBOL language, originally invented in 1959. Newer applications are often written in more modern programming languages.
System software includes operating systems, which govern computing resources. Today^[when?] large^[quantify] applications running on remote machines such as Websites are considered^{[by whom?]} to be system software, because^{[citation needed]} the end-user interface is generally through a graphical user interface, such as a web browser.
Testware is software for testing hardware or a software package.
Firmware is low-level software often stored on electrically programmable memory devices. Firmware is given its name because it is treated like hardware and run ("executed") by other software programs.
Shrinkware is the older name given to consumer-purchased software, because it was often sold in retail stores in a shrink-wrapped box.
Device drivers control parts of computers such as disk drives, printers, CD drives, or computer monitors.
Programming tools help conduct computing tasks in any category listed above. For programmers, these could be tools for debugging or reverse engineering older legacy systems in order to check source code compatibility.

[edit] History

For the history prior to 1946, see History of computing hardware.

The first theory about software was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem (Decision problem).^[3] The term "software" was first used in print by John W. Tukey in 1958.^[4] Colloquially, the term is often used to mean application software. In computer science and software engineering, software is all information processed by computer system, programs and data.^[4] The academic fields studying software are computer science and software engineering.
The history of computer software is most often traced back to the first software bug in 1946^{[citation needed]}. As more and more programs enter the realm of firmware, and the hardware itself becomes smaller, cheaper and faster as predicted by Moore's law, elements of computing first considered to be software, join the ranks of hardware. Most hardware companies today have more software programmers on the payroll than hardware designers^{[citation needed]}, since software tools have automated many tasks of Printed circuit board engineers. Just like the Auto industry, the Software industry has grown from a few visionaries operating out of their garage with prototypes. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates were the Henry Ford and Louis Chevrolet of their times^{[citation needed]}, who capitalized on ideas already commonly known before they started in the business. In the case of Software development, this moment is generally agreed to be the publication in the 1980s of the specifications for the IBM Personal Computer published by IBM employee Philip Don Estridge. Today his move would be seen as a type of crowd-sourcing.
Until that time, software was bundled with the hardware by Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such as Data General, Digital Equipment and IBM^{[citation needed]}. When a customer bought a minicomputer, at that time the smallest computer on the market, the computer did not come with Pre-installed software, but needed to be installed by engineers employed by the OEM. Computer hardware companies not only bundled their software, they also placed demands on the location of the hardware in a refrigerated space called a computer room. Most companies had their software on the books for 0 dollars, unable to claim it as an asset (this is similar to financing of popular music in those days). When Data General introduced the Data General Nova, a company called Digidyne wanted to use its RDOS operating system on its own hardware clone. Data General refused to license their software (which was hard to do, since it was on the books as a free asset), and claimed their "bundling rights". The Supreme Court set a precedent called Digidyne v. Data General in 1985. The Supreme Court let a 9th circuit decision stand, and Data General was eventually forced into licensing the Operating System software because it was ruled that restricting the license to only DG hardware was an illegal tying arrangement.^[5] Soon after, IBM 'published' its DOS source for free, and Microsoft was born. Unable to sustain the loss from lawyer's fees, Data General ended up being taken over by EMC Corporation. The Supreme Court decision made it possible to value software, and also purchase Software patents. The move by IBM was almost a protest at the time. Few in the industry believed that anyone would profit from it other than IBM (through free publicity). Microsoft and Apple were able to thus cash in on 'soft' products. It is hard to imagine today that people once felt that software was worthless without a machine. There are many successful companies today that sell only software products, though there are still many common software licensing problems due to the complexity of designs and poor documentation, leading to patent trolls.
With open software specifications and the possibility of software licensing, new opportunities arose for software tools that then became the de facto standard, such as DOS for operating systems, but also various proprietary word processing and spreadsheet programs. In a similar growth pattern, proprietary development methods became standard Software development methodology.

[edit] Overview

A layer structure showing where operating system is located on generally used software systems on desktops

Software includes all the various forms and roles that digitally stored data may have and play in a computer (or similar system), regardless of whether the data is used as code for a CPU, or other interpreter, or whether it represents other kinds of information. Software thus encompasses a wide array of products that may be developed using different techniques such as ordinary programming languages, scripting languages, microcode, or an FPGA configuration.
The types of software include web pages developed in languages and frameworks like HTML, PHP, Perl, JSP, ASP.NET, XML, and desktop applications like OpenOffice.org, Microsoft Word developed in languages like C, C++, Java, C#, or Smalltalk. Application software usually runs on an underlying software operating systems such as Linux or Microsoft Windows. Software (or firmware) is also used in video games and for the configurable parts of the logic systems of automobiles, televisions, and other consumer electronics.
Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Programs are an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

[edit] Types of software

This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2010)

Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes^{[citation needed]}: system software, programming software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.

[edit] System software

System software provides the basic functions for computer usage and helps run the computer hardware and system. It includes a combination of the following:

System software is responsible for managing a variety of independent hardware components, so that they can work together harmoniously. Its purpose is to unburden the application software programmer from the often complex details of the particular computer being used, including such accessories as communications devices, printers, device readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner.

[edit] Programming software

Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include:

An Integrated development environment (IDE) is a single application that attempts to manage all these functions..

[edit] Application software

Application software is developed to aid in any task that benefits from computation. It is a broad category, and encompasses software of many kinds, including the internet browser being used to display this page. This category includes:

Business software
Databases
Decision making software
Educational software
Image editing
Industrial automation
Mathematical software
Medical software
Molecular modeling software
Quantum chemistry and solid state physics software
Simulation software
Spreadsheets
Telecommunications (i.e., the Internet and everything that flows on it)
Video games
Word processing

[edit] Software topics

[edit] Architecture

[edit] Documentation

Main article: Software documentation

Most software has software documentation so that the end user can understand the program, what it does, and how to use it. Without clear documentation, software can be hard to use—especially if it is very specialized and relatively complex like Photoshop or AutoCAD.
Developer documentation may also exist, either with the code as comments and/or as separate files, detailing how the programs works and can be modified.

[edit] Library

Main article: Software library

An executable is almost always not sufficiently complete for direct execution. Software libraries include collections of functions and functionality that may be embedded in other applications. Operating systems include many standard Software libraries, and applications are often distributed with their own libraries.

[edit] Standard

Main article: Software standard

Since software can be designed using many different programming languages and in many different operating systems and operating environments, software standard is needed so that different software can understand and exchange information between each other. For instance, an email sent from a Microsoft Outlook should be readable from Yahoo! Mail and vice versa.

[edit] Execution

Main article: Execution (computing)

Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as the hard drive or memory). Once the software has loaded, the computer is able to execute the software. This involves passing instructions from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware which ultimately receives the instruction as machine code. Each instruction causes the computer to carry out an operation – moving data, carrying out a computation, or altering the control flow of instructions.
Data movement is typically from one place in memory to another. Sometimes it involves moving data between memory and registers which enable high-speed data access in the CPU. Moving data, especially large amounts of it, can be costly. So, this is sometimes avoided by using "pointers" to data instead. Computations include simple operations such as incrementing the value of a variable data element. More complex computations may involve many operations and data elements together.

[edit] Quality and reliability

Main articles: Software quality, Software testing, and Software reliability

Software quality is very important, especially for commercial and system software like Microsoft Office, Microsoft Windows and Linux. If software is faulty (buggy), it can delete a person's work, crash the computer and do other unexpected things. Faults and errors are called "bugs." Many bugs are discovered and eliminated (debugged) through software testing. However, software testing rarely – if ever – eliminates every bug; some programmers say that "every program has at least one more bug" (Lubarsky's Law). All major software companies, such as Microsoft, Novell and Sun Microsystems, have their own software testing departments with the specific goal of just testing. Software can be tested through unit testing, regression testing and other methods, which are done manually, or most commonly, automatically, since the amount of code to be tested can be quite large. For instance, NASA has extremely rigorous software testing procedures for many operating systems and communication functions. Many NASA based operations interact and identify each other through command programs called software. This enables many people who work at NASA to check and evaluate functional systems overall. Programs containing command software enable hardware engineering and system operations to function much easier together.

[edit] License

Main article: Software license

The software's license gives the user the right to use the software in the licensed environment. Some software comes with the license when purchased off the shelf, or an OEM license when bundled with hardware. Other software comes with a free software license, granting the recipient the rights to modify and redistribute the software. Software can also be in the form of freeware or shareware.

[edit] Patents

Main articles: Software patent and Software patent debate

Software can be patented in some but not all countries; however, software patents can be controversial in the software industry with many people holding different views about it. The controversy over software patents is about specific algorithms or techniques that the software contains, which may not be duplicated by others and considered intellectual property and copyright infringement depending on the severity.

[edit] Design and implementation

Main articles: Software development, Computer programming, and Software engineering

Design and implementation of software varies depending on the complexity of the software. For instance, design and creation of Microsoft Word software will take much more time than designing and developing Microsoft Notepad because of the difference in functionalities in each one.
Software is usually designed and created (coded/written/programmed) in integrated development environments (IDE) like Eclipse, Emacs and Microsoft Visual Studio that can simplify the process and compile the program. As noted in different section, software is usually created on top of existing software and the application programming interface (API) that the underlying software provides like GTK+, JavaBeans or Swing. Libraries (APIs) are categorized for different purposes. For instance, JavaBeans library is used for designing enterprise applications, Windows Forms library is used for designing graphical user interface (GUI) applications like Microsoft Word, and Windows Communication Foundation is used for designing web services. Underlying computer programming concepts like quicksort, hashtable, array, and binary tree can be useful to creating software. When a program is designed, it relies on the API. For instance, if a user is designing a Microsoft Windows desktop application, he/she might use the .NET Windows Forms library to design the desktop application and call its APIs like Form1.Close() and Form1.Show()^[6] to close or open the application and write the additional operations him/herself that it need to have. Without these APIs, the programmer needs to write these APIs him/herself. Companies like Sun Microsystems, Novell, and Microsoft provide their own APIs so that many applications are written using their software libraries that usually have numerous APIs in them.
Computer software has special economic characteristics that make its design, creation, and distribution different from most other economic goods.^[7]^[8] A person who creates software is called a programmer, software engineer, software developer, or code monkey, terms that all have a similar meaning.

[edit] Industry and organizations

Main article: Software industry

A great variety of software companies and programmers in the world comprise a software industry . Software can be quite a profitable industry: Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft was the richest person in the world in 2009 largely by selling the Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office software products. The same goes for Larry Ellison, largely through his Oracle database software. Through time the software industry has become increasingly specialized.
Non-profit software organizations include the Free Software Foundation, GNU Project and Mozilla Foundation. Software standard organizations like the W3C, IETF develop software standards so that most software can interoperate through standards such as XML, HTML, HTTP or FTP.
Other well-known large software companies include Novell, SAP, Symantec, Adobe Systems, and Corel, while small companies often provide innovation.

[edit] See also

[List of software]]

[edit] References

^ "Wordreference.com: WordNet 2.0". Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. http://www.wordreference.com/definition/software. Retrieved 2007-08-19.
^ software..(n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved 2007-04-13, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/software
^ Hally, Mike (2005:79). Electronic brains/Stories from the dawn of the computer age. British Broadcasting Corporation and Granta Books, London. ISBN 1-86207-663-4.
^ ^a ^b John Tukey, 85, Statistician; Coined the Word 'Software', New York Times, Obituaries, July 28, 2000 [1]
^ Tying Arrangements and the Computer Industry: Digidyne Corp. vs. Data General
^ "MSDN Library". http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/default.aspx. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
^ v. Engelhardt, Sebastian (2008): "The Economic Properties of Software", Jena Economic Research Papers, Volume 2 (2008), Number 2008-045. (in Adobe pdf format)
^ "Why Open Source Is The Optimum Economic Paradigm for Software" by Dan Kaminsky 1999

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The Gazette (band)

2002: Conception and early work

[edit] 2003: New drummer and Cockayne Soup

[edit] 2004: Disorder

[edit] 2005-2006: NIL and Nameless Liberty Six Guns

[edit] 2007-2009: Stacked Rubbish and Dim

[edit] 2010-2011: Transfer to Sony Music Records & Nameless Liberty Six Bullets

[edit] Musical style

The Gazette (band)

2002: Conception and early work

[edit] 2003: New drummer and Cockayne Soup

[edit] 2004: Disorder

[edit] 2005-2006: NIL and Nameless Liberty Six Guns

[edit] 2007-2009: Stacked Rubbish and Dim

[edit] 2010-2011: Transfer to Sony Music Records & Nameless Liberty Six Bullets

[edit] Musical style

puisi bumi

Computer software

Computer software

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Overview

[edit] Types of software

[edit] System software

[edit] Programming software

[edit] Application software

[edit] Software topics

[edit] Architecture

[edit] Documentation

[edit] Library

[edit] Standard

[edit] Execution

[edit] Quality and reliability

[edit] License

[edit] Patents

[edit] Design and implementation

[edit] Industry and organizations

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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